Marie Curie Actions. A European challenge from Puglia. Research examines coastal defence structures
Erosion: protecting our changing coastlines PRO-ARMOUR is the winning European project, developed at the Polytechnic University of Bari in collaboration with the prestigious Delft University of Technology
Artificial intelligence, probabilistic design and 3D experimentation for new methods of designing coastal protection breakwaters and seawalls. The ultimate goal is to turn research into a practical, applicable tool. The project’s winning researcher, funded by “Marie Curie Actions”, is Giulio Scaravaglione of Poliba. Meanwhile, in Puglia, Manfredonia, Margherita di Savoia and Barletta are the municipalities at highest risk from coastal hazards.

Bari, 8 October 2026 – With around a thousand kilometres of coastline, Puglia has one of the longest coastlines in Italy. This environmental, scenic and economic asset is also particularly exposed to erosion, storm surges and the anticipated effects of climate change and rising sea levels. The latest regional studies highlight the widespread presence of erosion along the coast of Puglia and the need to identify mitigation measures suited to different coastal dynamics. In 2026, the Puglia Region launched a €26.4 million programme to protect the coastline from erosion, landslides and shoreline retreat—phenomena described as being exacerbated by climate change and the intensification of extreme marine weather events.
The problem and Puglia. Vulnerability affects numerous sections of the regional coastline, from the Gargano to Salento, albeit in different ways. The stretch between the Gulf of Manfredonia, Margherita di Savoia and the mouth of the Ofanto is particularly significant: regional planning documents extensive erosion and the presence of numerous coastal defence structures in this area. Manfredonia, Margherita di Savoia and Barletta have also been identified as among the Puglia municipalities at highest risk from coastal hazards, owing to the combination of eroding sandy shorelines, low elevations and high exposure of built-up areas. In settings such as these, the design of breakwaters, groynes and rubble-mound seawalls is about more than protecting the shoreline: it is also about the safety and resilience of towns, infrastructure, economic activities and coastal ecosystems.
Research and studies have been underway at the Polytechnic University of Bari for some time. A recent, promising project is taking on the challenge of erosion and proposing new solutions. The project is called “PRO-ARMOUR” and is the winner of the prestigious Marie Skłodowska-Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship, considered one of the most prestigious and selective awards in Europe. The idea originated at the Polytechnic University of Bari from research by Giulio Scaravaglione, a researcher at the Polytechnic University of Bari affiliated with the Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh). Rated 96.8/100 and awarded over €217,000 for the 2026–2028 two-year period, the project will be carried out in collaboration with the prestigious and historic Delft University of Technology (Netherlands). At Poliba, studies and scale models will be developed at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory (LIC), the largest of its kind in Italy. The research will involve Poliba professors Alessandra Saponieri, Leonardo Damiani and Michele Mossa.
The project. PRO-ARMOUR – “AI-driven probabilistic method for response-based design of rock armour slopes” – is dedicated to developing new tools for designing breakwaters and rubble-mound dams made of natural rock. Moving beyond an exclusively deterministic and predictable approach, the project aims to assess the response of individual armour stones to wave action and the consequent probability of reaching different damage conditions. The challenge is not simply to build larger structures, but to better understand how they respond to waves and design them to the level of safety actually required, limiting overdesign, costs and environmental impact.
Artificial intelligence and probabilistic design. The new design method will be based on a probabilistic approach that accounts for the natural variability of waves, water levels, rock properties and hydrodynamic forces, as well as the associated uncertainties. Artificial intelligence will be used to make simulations more efficient through data-driven models informed by the physics of the phenomenon, combining computational efficiency with interpretability. The goal is to develop tools capable of quantifying the risk of instability and supporting more informed design choices, including under future climate scenarios.
The experimental work. A central part of PRO-ARMOUR will be carried out at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory (LIC) of the Polytechnic University of Bari, where three-dimensional tests will be conducted on scale models of rubble-mound structures under shallow-water conditions. Sensors, optical systems, video tracking and 3D surveys will make it possible to observe the movement of armour-layer elements and the onset of damage, generating a new, high-resolution experimental dataset for model calibration and validation. International collaboration will thus also involve experimental activities conducted in Apulia and the enhancement of the Polytechnic University of Bari’s research infrastructure.
The results. The ultimate goal is to translate the research into a practical, applicable tool: open-access Python software for assessing the risk of armour layer instability and comparing different design solutions. More risk-aware design can help reduce the consumption of stone material, costs and CO₂, while also improving structures’ ability to adapt to future climate scenarios.
Who is the winner. Giulio Scaravaglione, 30, from Bari, is a hydraulic civil engineer and researcher in the field of coastal and maritime engineering. He graduated with honours in Civil Engineering, specialising in Hydraulics, from the Polytechnic University of Bari, and subsequently earned a PhD in “Environmental, Territorial and Building Risk and Development” at the same university. His research focuses in particular on the design of coastal and port defence structures, physical experimentation, modelling coastal processes and wave–structure interactions, and developing probabilistic methods for risk assessment. Alongside his studies at the Polytechnic University of Bari, Scaravaglione has undertaken several research placements abroad: at Imperial College London (UK); at the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center in Vicksburg, United States; and at Delft University of Technology (NL).
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